Early discharge predictors among inpatient crack cocaine users

Abstract Introduction High rates of early hospital discharge are often observed in crack cocaine users and are related to adverse outcomes and increased public spending. This study evaluated clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with early treatment discharge among crack users. Methods The sample comprised 308 men diagnosed with crack cocaine use disorder (crack only), aged 18 to 65 years, admitted between 2013 and 2017 to a male-only hospital unit to treat substance use disorders. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained using the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version, and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire. Results Early discharge (within 7 days) was significantly associated with lack of own income, insufficient family support, being single, and recent homelessness. Regarding drug use, lower treatment retention was related to younger age of crack use onset, recent alcohol use, and nicotine use. Factors such as age, skin color, and educational level showed no relation to the outcome. Conclusion Our findings suggest that presence of characteristics verifiable at the time of admission may be related to crack users' treatment retention. Identification of these factors can contribute to target interventions in order to improve treatment adherence in crack cocaine users.

Combined physical training associated with multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: a study with n of 1 / O treinamento físico combinado associado à intervenção multiprofissional no tratamento do transtorno por uso de álcool: um estudo com n de 1

ABSTRACT Objective: Substance misuse can lead to several consequences for physical and mental health. Physical exercise is an important ally to pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment for substance use. However, the literature is still scarce regarding long-term interventions. Thus, this study aims to describe the acceptability and effects of combined physical training intervention (aerobic and strength). Methods: This study comprises an n-of-1 clinical trial that was performed with a 64-year-old male individual with alcohol use disorder. The treatment lasted 12 weeks and evaluated the association of multidisciplinary interventions on quality of life, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and anxiety. Results: The participant improved general quality of life (12.5%), no alterations were found for depressive symptoms, there was an improvement in cognition (20%), as well a reduction in the trait (16.2%) and state (14.7%) anxiety symptoms of the participant. Conclusions: These findings allude to the importance of non-drug therapeutic resources such as structured physical exercise, associated with other offers in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.

RESUMO Objetivo: O uso de substâncias psicoativas pode levar a diversas consequências à saúde física e mental. O exercício físico é um importante aliado ao tratamento farmacológico e psicoterápico para o uso de substâncias. No entanto, a literatura ainda é escassa em relação às intervenções de longa duração. Dessa forma, este estudo objetiva descrever a aceitabilidade e os efeitos de uma intervenção de treinamento físico combinado (aeróbico e força). Métodos: Este estudo compreende um n-of-1 clinical trial que foi realizado com um indivíduo do sexo masculino, de 64 anos de idade, com transtorno por uso de álcool. O tratamento teve a duração de 12 semanas e avaliou a associação de intervenções multiprofissionais sobre a qualidade de vida, sintomas depressivos, comprometimento cognitivo e ansiedade. Resultados: O participante melhorou a qualidade de vida geral (12,5%), não foram encontradas alterações para sintomas depressivos, houve melhora na cognição (20%), bem como redução nos sintomas de ansiedade traço (16,2%) e estado (14,7%) do participante. Conclusões: Esses achados aludem à importância de recursos terapêuticos não medicamentosos como o exercício físico estruturado, associados às demais ofertas no tratamento para o transtorno por uso de álcool.

Assessment of cognitive functioning using the Mini Mental State Examination in men with alcohol and crack cocaine use disorder

Abstract Introduction Consumption of substances has been associated with cognitive impairment. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is an easy-to-apply screening tool used to assess cognitive functions. Objectives To evaluate the cognitive performance of individuals with alcohol (AUD) and/or crack cocaine use disorder (CUD) and polysubstance use using the MMSE and to investigate the impact of substance use profile and the moderation effect of educational level on MMSE performance. Methods Cross-sectional study with 508 adult male inpatients diagnosed with substance use disorders (245 with AUD, 85 with CUD, and 178 with polysubstance use). Cognitive performance was assessed using the MMSE scale (total and composite scores). Results Individuals with AUD had worse total MMSE scores and scored worse for all three MMSE components compared to individuals with polysubstance use (p < 0.001, oral/written language comprehension, p < 0.001, attention/memory, and p = 0.007, motor functions). MMSE scores were positively correlated with educational level (p < 0.017), but were not associated with age, recent drug use, or years of drug use. Educational level moderated the impact of substance use on MMSE performance, especially total score and composite language comprehension score. Individuals with a low educational level (≤ 8 years) had worse performance than those with a high educational level (≥ 9 years), mainly in individuals with AUD (p < 0.001). Discussion Individuals with a low educational level and alcohol use are more prone to present cognitive impairment than crack cocaine users, especially involving language aspects. Better-preserved cognitive function could impact treatment adherence and might guide the decision of therapeutic strategies.

Differential impact on suicide mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Objectives: To compare suicide rates observed in Brazil after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic with the estimated rate based on suicide deaths between 2010 and 2020, and identify sociodemographic variables associated with this outcome. Methods: Ecological time-series study. Data were obtained from Brazilian Unified Health System Department of Information Technology (DATASUS), with the structural break of the data set in March 2020. The number of actual suicides observed and the number of expected suicides if there were no COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed through bayesian structural time series modeling. Results: The overall incidence of suicides in Brazil remained stable after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to what would be expected. However, there was a significant increase in suicide deaths among women (6.9%) and older adult (9.1%). Analysis by macro-regions of the country showed significant increases in suicide deaths in the Center-West (7.4%), Northeast (5.7%), and Southeast (10%). Stratified analyses revealed differences according to age, sex, education, and skin color. Conclusions: Despite stability in the overall number of suicides, this phenomenon occurs heterogeneously among different population groups and regions of Brazil. Rates have increased in populations with a history of poor access to health, which may have been more severely impacted by the pandemic.

Anger and substance abuse: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate levels of anger among substance users compared to non-user controls and to analyze the possible association between anger and psychoactive substance use (PSU). Methods: The procedures of this review followed the Meta-Analyzes of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIREME, PsycINFO) were searched. Results: Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis; 10 used the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) anger trait subscale and two used the Buss-Perry-Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) anger subscale. The sample included 2,294 users of psychoactive substances and 2,143 non-users, all male. The mean difference in anger scale scores between users and non-users was 2.151 (95%CI 1.166-3.134, p ≤ 0.00, inconsistency index [I2] = 98.83) standard deviations. Age and abstinence duration did not moderate the difference in anger between substance users and non-users. Conclusion: Users of psychoactive substances had elevated anger scores compared to non-users, which represents a high risk of relapse. It is suggested that PSU treatment programs include intensive anger management modules, focusing on factors such as dealing with daily stressors, family conflicts, frustrations, and problems.

Violência doméstica e consumo de drogas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Domestic violence and drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic

A pandemia da COVID-19 tem gerado inúmeros desafios em diversas esferas sociais e políticas. A inexistência de fármacos para imunização ou tratamento tornou o isolamento social a principal estratégia para conter a disseminação da doença. Diante disso, inúmeras mudanças drásticas no cotidiano individual, familiar e social tem sido observadas, gerando estressores potenciais que podem facilitar a instalação de conflitos. Isso tem implicado no aumento dos casos de violência doméstica, sobretudo durante a quarentena. Diversos fatores podem explicar este fenômeno como o estresse, dificuldades econômicas, maior tempo de convívio e o aumento do consumo de substâncias. Além disso, o isolamento social limitou a possibilidade vítimas de violência acionarem as redes de apoio sociais ou assistenciais. Assim, conduzimos um estudo teórico reflexivo com o objetivo de discutir os principais impactos da pandemia nas mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica e sua interface com o consumo de substâncias, bem como propor recomendações de ações para os diferentes níveis de atuação.

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated several social and political challenges. Considering the lack of medications for immunization or treatment, social isolation is the main strategy to contain the spread of the disease. Thus, drastic changes in the individual, family and social daily life have been observed, generating potential stressors that can trigger conflicts. This scenario contributed to the increased of cases of domestic violence, especially during quarantine. Several factors can explain this phenomenon, such as stress, economic difficulties, longer coexistence time in the domestic environment and increased substance consumption. In addition, social isolation has limited the possibility for victims of violence to activate social or assistance support networks. In this sense, we conducted a reflective theoretical study, with the objective of discussing the main impacts of the pandemic on women victims of domestic violence and its relationship with substance use, as well as to propose recommendations for interventions at different levels of action.

Effects of childhood trauma on BDNF and TBARS during crack-cocaine withdrawal

Objective: To evaluate the association between childhood trauma (CT) and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) during crack-cocaine withdrawal. Method: Thirty-three male crack-cocaine users were recruited at admission to a public addiction treatment unit. Serum BDNF and TBARS levels were evaluated at intake and discharge. Information about drug use was assessed by the Addiction Severity Index-6th Version (ASI-6); CT was reported throughout the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). CTQ scores were calculated based on a latent analysis model that divided the sample into low-, medium-, and high-level trauma groups. Results: There was a significant increase in BDNF levels from admission to discharge, which did not differ across CT subgroups. For TBARS levels, we found a significant time vs. trauma interaction (F2,28 = 6.357, p = 0.005,ηp 2 = 0.312). In participants with low trauma level, TBARS decreased, while in those with a high trauma level, TBARS increased during early withdrawal. Conclusion: TBARS levels showed opposite patterns of change in crack-cocaine withdrawal according to baseline CT. These results suggest that CT could be associated with more severe neurological impairment during withdrawal.

Hepatitis C: clinical and biological features related to different forms of cocaine use / Hepatite C: características clínicas e biológicas relacionadas às diferentes formas de uso da cocaína

Abstract Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is related with several liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas, leading to more than 0.5 million deaths every year and to a great global burden. It is known that injection drug users show a high prevalence of HCV infection, being considered a risk group for this disease. Cocaine users seem to be in greater risk than other drug users, and several hypotheses for this association are being studied. Aim To review data on HCV infection in cocaine users, taking into consideration the relevance of the different routes of drug administration and other risk behaviors. Methods This was a narrative review performed in the main scientific databases. Results and conclusion Data suggest that cocaine use could be associated with HCV infection due to the specificities of cocaine consumption pattern, even in those subjects who do not inject drugs, in addition to other risky behaviors, such as tattooing and unprotected sex. Injectable cocaine users seem to be more susceptible to contamination than users who do not inject drugs. However, evidence is pointing to the possibility of infection by sharing drug paraphernalia other than syringes. Moreover, specific immune system impairments caused by cocaine use are also being linked with HCV infection susceptibility, persistence and increased pathological effects.

Resumo Introdução O vírus da hepatite C (HCV) está relacionado com graves patologias hepáticas, como a cirrose e o carcinoma hepatocelular, causando mais de meio milhão de mortes todos os anos, o que reflete um problema de saúde mundial. Sabe-se que usuários de drogas injetáveis possuem alta prevalência de infecção pelo HCV, sendo por isso considerados um dos maiores grupos de risco. Usuários de cocaína parecem ter maior risco de contrair o vírus do que usuários de outras drogas, e diversas hipóteses para essa associação estão sendo estudadas. Objetivo Revisar evidências de associação da infecção pelo HCV em usuários de cocaína, considerando a relevância das diferentes formas de administração da droga e comportamentos de risco. Métodos Esta foi uma revisão narrativa realizada nos principais bancos de dados científicos. Resultados e conclusão As evidências atuais sugerem que o uso de cocaína pode estar associado com a infecção por HCV devido às especificidades do padrão de consumo da droga, mesmo naqueles indivíduos que não fazem uso de drogas injetáveis, além de outros comportamentos de risco, como tatuagens e sexo desprotegido. Usuários de cocaína injetável parecem estar mais suscetíveis à contaminação do que usuários de cocaína não injetável. Entretanto, há a possibilidade de infecção devido ao compartilhamento de outros equipamentos de uso além das seringas (cachimbos, por exemplo). Além disso, prejuízos do sistema imune causados pela cocaína também parecem estar associados com a suscetibilidade de infecção pelo HCV, além da manutenção e piora dos sintomas da doença.

Identification and initial management of intoxication by alcohol and other drugs in the pediatric emergency room / Identificação e manejo inicial de intoxicações por álcool e outras drogas na sala de emergência pediátrica

Abstract Objective: To review the screening, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of intoxication by alcohol and other drugs in children and adolescents in the emergency scenario. Data source: This was a narrative literature review. Data summary: The detection of this problem in the emergency room can be a challenge, especially when its assessment is not standardized. The intentional and episodic use of large amounts of psychoactive substances by adolescents is a usual occurrence, and unintentional intoxication is more common in children younger than 12 years. The clinical picture in adolescents and children differs from that in adults and some particularities are important in the emergency scenario. After management of the acute condition, interventions targeting the adolescent at risk may be effective. Conclusion: The diagnosis and treatment of intoxication by alcohol and other drugs in adolescents and children in the emergency scenario requires a systematic evaluation of the use of these drugs. There are few specific treatments for intoxication, and the management comprehends support measures and management of related clinical complications.

Resumo Objetivo: Revisar o rastreamento, o diagnóstico, a abordagem e o tratamento das intoxicações por álcool e outras drogas de crianças e adolescentes no contexto de emergência. Fontes dos dados: Foi feita uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Sumário dos achados: A detecção desse problema na sala de emergência pode ser um desafio, especialmente quando sua avaliação não é padronizada. O uso intencional e em grandes quantidades episódicas de substâncias psicoativas é o padrão em adolescentes e a intoxicação não intencional é mais comum em crianças menores de 12 anos. O quadro clínico em adolescentes e em crianças difere dos adultos e algumas particularidades são importantes no contexto de emergência. Após o manejo do quadro agudo, intervenções com vistas ao adolescente de risco podem ser efetivas. Conclusão: O diagnóstico e o tratamento das intoxicações por álcool e outras drogas em adolescentes e crianças em emergência requer uma avaliação sistemática do uso dessas drogas. Há poucos tratamentos específicos para intoxicação e o manejo é de apoio e das complicações clínicas relacionadas.

Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico de seis capitais brasileiras / Clinical and social vulnerabilities in crack users according to housing status: a multicenter study in six Brazilian state capitals / Vulnerabilidades clínicas y sociales en consumidores de crack, de acuerdo con el acceso a la vivienda: un estudio multicéntrico de seis capitales brasileñas

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a gravidade do uso de substâncias psicoativas, situações de violência, saúde física e emocional de usuários de crack que buscam atendimento em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial para Álcool e Drogas (CAPSad), em relação ao status de moradia. Trata-se de um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras, com 564 usuários de crack categorizados em dois grupos: (1) usuários que estiveram em situação de rua (n = 266) e (2) nunca estiveram em situação de rua (n = 298). Para avaliar a gravidade do uso de substâncias e as características dos indivíduos utilizou-se o Addiction Severity Index, 6ª versão (ASI-6). Os usuários do grupo 1 demonstraram piores indicadores em relação às subescalas álcool, problemas médicos, psiquiátricos, trabalho e suporte familiar, além de maior envolvimento com problemas legais, violência, abuso sexual, risco de suicídio e problemas de saúde como HIV/AIDS, hepatite e tuberculose, além de possuírem menos renda para pagar necessidades básicas. Após análises multivariadas ajustadas para possíveis confundidores, não possuir renda suficiente para pagar necessidades básicas, apresentar sintomas depressivos e ter sido preso por roubo permaneceram significativos. Este trabalho avaliou de forma mais abrangente a gravidade do uso de drogas e a situação de moradia de usuários de crack. Abordagens desenvolvidas nos dispositivos de tratamento extra-hospitalares devem ser projetadas e adequadas de acordo com perfis e demandas específicos dos usuários, em especial aqueles em situação de rua.

Abstract: The study had the goal to evaluate psychoactive substance use severity, violence, physical and emotional health of crack users who seeks specialized treatment in Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) concerning housing status. This is a multicenter cross-sectional study in six Brazilian capitals with 564 crack users categorized into two groups (1) users who have been homeless sometime in life (n = 266) and (2) individuals who have never lived on streets (n = 298). To assess the substance use severity and the characteristics of the individuals, the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version (ASI-6) was used. Group 1 users showed worse indicators regarding alcohol, medical and psychiatric problems, employment and family support subscales, as well as greater involvement with legal problems, violence, sexual abuse, suicide risk and health related problems such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and tuberculosis. In addition they have lower income to pay for basic needs. After analysis and control for possible confounders, not having enough income to pay for basic needs, showing depression symptoms, and having been arrested for theft remained statistically significant. This study evaluated more deeply drug use severity and housing status of crack users. Interventions developed in outpatient treatment should be designed and tailored to specific profiles and demands of drug users, especially homeless individuals.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la gravedad del uso de sustancias psicoactivas, situaciones de violencia, salud física y emocional de consumidores de crack que buscan atención en Centros de Atención Psicosocial para alcohol y drogas (CAPSad), en relación con el status de acceso a la vivienda. Se trata de un estudio multicéntrico en seis capitales brasileñas, con 564 consumidores de crack categorizados en dos grupos: (1) consumidores sin techo (n = 266) y (2) quienes nunca fueron sin techo (n = 298). Para evaluar la gravedad del uso de sustancias y las características de los individuos se utilizó el Addiction Severity Index, 6ª versión (ASI-6). Los consumidores del grupo 1 demostraron peores indicadores, en relación a las subescalas alcohol, problemas médicos, psiquiátricos, trabajo y apoyo familiar, además de una mayor implicación en problemas legales, violencia, abuso sexual, riesgo de suicidio y problemas de salud como VIH/SIDA, hepatitis y tuberculosis, además de contar con menos renta para pagar necesidades básicas. Tras los análisis multivariados ajustados para posibles confusores, no contar con renta suficiente para pagar necesidades básicas, presentar síntomas depresivos y haber sido preso por robo fueron significativos. Este trabajo evaluó de forma más amplia la gravedad del consumo de drogas y la situación de acceso a la vivienda de consumidores de crack. Se deben proyectar enfoques desarrollados en los dispositivos de tratamiento extra-hospitalarios, adecuados según perfiles y demandas específicas de los consumidores, en especial aquellos en situación de desamparo.

Who seeks public treatment for substance abuse in Brazil? Results of a multicenter study involving four Brazilian state capitals / Quem procura tratamento para abuso de substância na rede pública no Brasil? Resultados de um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo quatro capitais brasileiras

OBJECTIVE: To assess the characteristics of alcohol and drug users who seek treatment at the Brazilian Unified Health System in Brazil. METHOD: A multicenter cross-sectional study involving five clinical and research centers located in four Brazilian state capitals was conducted with 740 in- and outpatients. The only exclusion criterion was the presence of neurological or severe psychiatric symptoms at the moment of the interview. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) were used to assess the severity of substance use and the problems related. RESULTS: There were significantly more men than women in the sample; mean age was 36 years. The drug most frequently used at all sites was alcohol (78%), followed by cocaine/crack (51%). Alcohol was the drug that most commonly motivated treatment seeking, at all centers. ASI-6 Summary Scores for Recent Functioning (SS-Rs) were quite similar among centers. SS-Rs were compared between users who had never received treatment for psychoactive substance abuse (n = 265, 36.1%) and those who had already been treated at one or more occasions (n = 470, 63.9%). This analysis revealed significant differences between the groups in the drug, psychiatric symptoms, legal, and family/social problems areas (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm previous evidence suggesting that the management of patients seeking drug abuse treatment should take several different aspects into consideration, e.g., education, employment, and family relationships, which often appear as areas of concern for these individuals (AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características dos usuários de álcool e drogas que procuram tratamento no Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal multicêntrico envolvendo cinco centros clínicos/de pesquisa localizados em quatro capitais brasileiras foi realizado com 740 pacientes hospitalizados e ambulatoriais. O único critério de exclusão foi a presença de sintomas neurológicos ou psiquiátricos graves no momento da entrevista. A Escala de Gravidade de Dependência (Addiction Severity Index, ASI-6) e o teste ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test) foram utilizados para avaliar a severidade do uso de substância e problemas relacionados. RESULTADOS: Houve significativamente mais homens do que mulheres na amostra; a idade média foi de 36 anos. A droga mais usada em todos os centros foi o álcool (78%), seguido de cocaína/crack (51%). O álcool foi a droga que mais motivou procura por tratamento, em todos os centros. Os Escores Resumidos da ASI-6 para Funcionamento Recente (SS-Rs) foram bastante similares nos centros. SS-Rs foram comparados entre usuários que nunca haviam recebido tratamento para abuso de substâncias (n = 265, 36,1%) e aqueles que já haviam sido tratados uma ou mais vezes (n = 470, 63,9%). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nas áreas de droga, sintomas psiquiátricos e problemas legais e familiares/sociais (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos dados confirmam evidências prévias de que o manejo de pacientes que procuram tratamento para abuso de substância deve levar em conta vários aspectos, como educação, emprego e relações familiares, que normalmente geram preocupação nesses indivíduos (AU)

Correlates of unprotected sex in a sample of young club drug users

OBJECTIVES: To assess the demographic characteristics, psychiatric symptoms, substance use patterns, and sexual risk behaviors in a sample of club drug users to identify factors associated with unprotected sex during the 12 months prior to the interview. METHODS: This cross-sectional study employed the targeted sampling and ethnographic mapping approaches via face-to-face interviews conducted at bars and electronic music festivals using an adapted, semi-structured version of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs questionnaire. The sample comprised 240 male and female young adults who had used ecstasy and/or LSD in the 90 days prior to the interview and who were not receiving treatment for alcohol or drug abuse. RESULTS: Of the 240 subjects selected (mean age: 22.9±4.5 years), 57.9% were men; of the male subjects, 52.5% reported having had unprotected sex in the previous 12 months. Of the total sample, 63.33% reported having had unprotected sex. Multivariate regression analysis showed that anal sex (PR = 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.044-1.543; p = 0.017) and the use of alcohol/drugs to make sex last longer (PR = 1.430; 95% CI: 1.181-1.732; p<0.001) are associated with unprotected sex. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of intervention strategies aimed at reducing sexually risky behaviors should take into consideration the specific characteristics of drug users and should include the development of safer sex negotiation skills. .

Regional differences associated with drinking and driving in Brazil / Diferenças regionais entre os fatores associados ao beber e dirigir no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate regional differences and similarities associated with drinking and driving (DUI) in the five Brazilian macro-regions. METHOD: A roadside survey was conducted in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. A total of 3,398 drivers were randomly selected and given a structured interview and a breathalyzer test. To determine the predictors of positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in each region, a MANOVA was performed, and 3 groups were used as follows: 1) North and Northeast, 2) South and Midwest, and 3) Southeast. A Poisson robust regression model was performed to assess the variables associated with positive BAC in each group. RESULTS: Of all surveyed drivers, 2,410 had consumed alcohol in the previous 12 months. Most were male, with a median age of 36. Leisure as the reason for travel was associated with positive BAC in all 3 groups. Low schooling, being older than 30, driving cars or motorcycles and having been given a breathalyzer test at least once in their lives predicted DUI in at least two different groups. CONCLUSIONS: Factors , especially low schooling and leisure as a reason for travel, associated with drinking and driving were similar among regions, although certain region-specific features were observed. This information is important for aiming to reduce DUI in the country.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar diferenças e similaridades em relação a beber e dirigir (DUI) nas cinco macroregiões brasileiras. MÉTODO: Um roadside survey foi realizado nas 27 capitais brasileiras. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 3.398 condutores que responderam a uma entrevista estruturada e foram testados com uso de etilômetro. Para a construção de modelos preditivos de alcoolemia positiva (BAC), as regiões foram agrupadas de acordo com sua similaridade, obtida por MANOVA, em: 1) Norte e Nordeste; 2) Sul e Centro-Oeste; 3) Sudeste. Em cada grupo foi realizado um modelo de regressão robusta para estimar as variáveis associadas a BAC. RESULTADOS: Dentre os condutores, 2.410 ingeriram bebidas alcoólicas nos 12 meses anteriores, sendo a maioria composta por homens com idade mediana de 36 anos. A única variável associada a BAC em todos os grupos foi ter lazer como motivo da viagem. Baixa escolaridade, idade > 30 anos, dirigir carros/motos e ter realizado teste de bafômetro previamente foram associadas a BAC em ao menos dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores associados a DUI foram semelhantes nas regiões, especialmente o motivo da viagem e a escolaridade, embora algumas especificidades regionais tenham sido observadas. Estas informações são estratégicas para políticas públicas destinadas a redução do DUI.

O conceito de resiliência: diferentes olhares / Resilience concept: different perspectives

O conceito de resiliência transita entre aspectos físicos, biológicos e psíquicos.Podemos identifica-lo desde o primórdio da teoria psicanalítica, evoluindopara além da psicanálise nas mais diversas áreas da ciência. Seu estudo émuito útil na busca do entendimento dos fenômenos humanos, a partir dainter-relação entre as experiências primitivas, o ambiente, a neurobiologia ea genética. Este trabalho se propõe discutir o conceito de resiliência atravésde uma revisão histórica, partindo das teorias clássicas da psicanálise e dapsicologia do desenvolvimento e de sua evolução nos diferentes campos daciência até os achados mais recentes da psicobiologia.

The concept of resilience moves through physical, biological and psychologicalfields. It can be identified since the beginnings of psychoanalytic theory,evolving beyond psychoanalysis in several scientific areas. Its investigation isvery useful in the study of human phenomena, considering the interrelationshipbetween early experiences, the environment, neurobiology andgenetics. This paper aims to discuss the concept of resilience through ahistorical review, starting from the classical theories of psychoanalysis and developmental psychology and evolving to its development in different fieldsof science to the most recent findings of psychobilogy.

Encaminhamentos da atenção primária para avaliação neurológica em Porto Alegre, Brasil / Referrals from primary care to neurological assessment in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil

No Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil (SUS), os níveis de atenção à saúde se inserem no modelo hierárquico através do sistema de referência e contrarreferência. Em um projeto para atender às demandas represadas do nível primário ao secundário, denominado "Mutirão da Saúde", realizado em Porto Alegre, os médicos neurologistas do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, após cada atendimento realizado, responderam a um instrumento para avaliar os encaminhamentos realizados pela rede de atenção primária à saúde (APS). A avaliação foi positiva, mostrando que os encaminhamentos foram realmente necessários em 85 por cento dos casos; entretanto, foi parcialmente contraditória, tendo em vista que 41,7 por cento dos encaminhamentos eram situações clínicas que deveriam ser manejadas no atendimento primário. A avaliação também revelou que 50 por cento dos casos necessitavam de exames complementares. Devido a uma possível regionalização aleatória dos encaminhamentos, o resultado não nos possibilitou uma estimativa apropriada da prevalência por territórios das unidades de APS, informação esta importante para a organização do fluxo de encaminhamentos e planejamento dos recursos alocados pelos gestores, tanto locais quanto municipais.

In the Unified Health System in Brazil (SUS), the levels of health care fall within the hierarchical model with the reference and counter-reference systems. In a project to meet the repressed demands of primary and secondary levels, called "Mutirão da Saúde", held in Porto Alegre, the neurologists of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, after each call made, answered a questionnaire to assess referrals performed by the network of primary health care (PHC). The evaluation was positive, showing that the referrals were really needed in 85 percent of cases; however, it was partially contradictory, given that 41.7 percent of referrals were medical conditions that should be managed in primary care. The evaluation also revealed that 50 percent of cases needed further investigation. Due to a possible randomized regionalization of referrals, the result did not allow us to estimate the appropriate prevalence according to areas of the PHC units, information that is important to organize the flow of referrals and planning of resources allocated by managers, both local and municipal.

Adaptação transcultural do Mental States Rating System para o português brasileiro / Cross-cultural adaptation of the Mental States Rating System to Brazilian Portuguese

INTRODUÇÃO: O artigo apresenta a adaptação transcultural do Mental States Rating System, uma escala de análise de conteúdo do discurso, seja ele falado, descrito ou filmado, que abrange de modo amplo tipos de contratransferência. MÉTODO: Foram realizadas as etapas de equivalência conceitual, equivalência de itens, equivalência semântica, equivalência operacional, equivalência funcional e aprovação da versão final pelo autor original do instrumento. RESULTADOS: Os critérios de equivalência foram satisfeitos, tendo a versão final sido aprovada pelo autor do instrumento original. CONCLUSÃO: A adaptação do Mental States Rating System disponibiliza para uso um instrumento que não só abrange todas as categorias de contratransferência descritas na literatura, mas as amplia, através da Teoria dos Estados Mentais. Constitui, desse modo, uma ferramenta de grande utilidade para pesquisa em psicoterapia e psicanálise, onde a contratransferência tem se mostrado um importante recurso, tornando-se ainda mais crucial nas patologias fundamentadas em estágios precoces do desenvolvimento, nos casos graves e nos traumas severos.

INTRODUCTION: This article presents a cross-cultural adaptation of the Mental States Rating System, a content analysis scale applied to spoken, written or taped material, which covers a wide range of countertransference categories. METHOD: The following steps were performed: conceptual equivalence, item equivalence, semantic equivalence, operational equivalence, functional equivalence, and approval of the final version by the author of the original instrument. RESULTS: The study has reached the objectives of equivalence, and the final Brazilian Portuguese version has been approved by the original author. CONCLUSION: The study provides a Brazilian Portuguese version of an instrument that not only covers all the range of categories encompassed by countertransference described in the literature, but also expands it through the Mental States Theory. This represents a valuable tool for research on psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, where countertransference has proved to be an important resource, especially for the treatment of diseases based on early stages of development, for severe mental diseases and severe trauma.